Performance Typology Map
Abilities
Arousal
Attitude
Behavior
Beliefs
Competencies
Engagement
Environment
EI
Experience (nurture)
Feelings
Intention
Motivation
Nature (genes)
Organizational Level
Performance
Performance Improvement
Performer Level
Process Level
Results
Skills
Social Pressure
Talent
Understanding
Values
- The competencies are observable or measurable skills, knowledge, and abilities.
- These SKAs (skills, knowledge, attitude) must distinguish between superior and other performers.
The major difference between traditional job based models and competency based model lies in their approach in identifying the SKA needed for successful performance. The dominant approach in performance management has focused on designing organizations around job structures. This traditional job based approach starts with a job analysis to identify job-related tasks, which are then used to identify a list of SKA that are required for successful job performance.
On the other side of the coin are competency-based models. These start with the performance indicators of expert performers to produce a list of grouped competencies, related to effective or superior performance. The question is not which SKAs do we believe are required to perform a job, but which SKAs do superior performers in a job possess and use? Organizational success greatly improves upon hiring individuals who fit the organization, rather than the job. A person-to-organization match provides an organization with the core competencies needed to maintain a competitive advantage by meeting the demands of a rapidly changing environment brought on by corporate restructuring and change initiatives.
Knowles (1975) uses the following typology for competencies:
- Knowledge
- Understanding
- Skill
- Attitude
- Value
Thus, Knowles adds the vaguer terms of understanding, values and attitudes. The main reason is that what makes expert performers "experts," is that they have a love for what they are doing, which can only be captured through values and attitudes. As far as "understanding" I believe this is more of a term that fits in with today's knowledge workers.
So in the end, when assessing the expert performers with such tools as interviews, observation, and self-assessments, you are going to get a lot of skills and knowledge indicators. However, you are also going to pick up some of these other "milder" indicators of what makes them successful. Thus, do not dwell on "observable behaviors," but rather on what makes an "expert performer" so desirable to the organization. This is what competencies are all about.
A hierarchy of standards would be
- Competent - Satisfactory, able to perform the competency.
- Proficient - Above average, able to perform the competency well (expert).
- Excellent - Extraordinary, able to perform the competency superbly (guru).
References
Knowles, M. (1975). Self-Directed Learning. New York: Association Press.Chalofsky, N. (1984) "Professional Growth for HRD Staff" in The Handbook of Human Resource Development edited by Nadler, L. Pp. 13.3-13.4.