Ludwig von Bertalanffy - General System Theory - 1950

General system theory, therefore, is a general science of "wholeness...The meaning of the somewhat mystical expression, "The whole is more that the sum of its parts" is simply that constitutive characteristics are not explainable from the characteristics of the isolated parts. The characteristics of the complex, therefore, appear as "new" or "emergent"... - Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Systems theory was proposed in the 1940's by the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy and furthered by Ross Ashby. von Bertalanffy was reacting agaInst both reductionism and attempting to revive the unity of science.

If one were to analyze current notions and fashionable catchwords, he would find 'systems' high on the list - von Bertalanffy

A system is a complex of interacting elements. von Bertalanffy also noted that they are open to, and interact with their environments. In addition, they can acquire qualitatively new properties through emergence, thus they are in a continual evolution.

System thinking is both part-to-whole and whole-to-part thinking about making connections between the various elements so that they fit together in a whole.

Reference

Ashby, Ross W. (1964) Introduction to Cybernetics. Publisher: Routledge Kegan & Paul.

von Bertalanffy, Ludwig (1976). General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. Publisher: George Braziller.

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